基本经济发展术语汇编
感谢国际经济发展理事会(IEDC)提供了这些定义中的大部分. 如欲了解更多有关IEDC的信息,请访问他们的网站:www.iedconline.org
天使投资人... an investor who providers equity investment to start-up 企业.
评估价值... 财产的货币价值用于征税. 总估价是指在一个司法管辖区内所有应税财产的货币价值总和.
前后连杆机构… economic connections among companies; backward linkages in-volve the purchase of inputs by a given firm from another, and forward linkages involve the sale of the given firm’s outputs to another company.
基础产业也被称为“出口”或“初级”产业, 基础产业向社区外销售或出口产品和服务,为社区带来新的收入, 增加在社区内流通和花费在非基础行业上的资金总额.
基准测试可以定期收集的经济竞争力和生活质量的可量化指标. 它们被用来衡量一个地区的经济地位和相对可比地区的进步.
债券政府或公司发行的担保在未来某一特定日期支付原始投资和利息的债务凭证.
棕色地带废弃或未充分利用的商业或工业场所,有实际的或认为的环境污染.
商业援助中心简化地方审批的一站式中心, 许可, and fee payment processes and facilitating the decision-making processes.
商业吸引力… efforts by local economic development organizations to encourage firms from outside their communities to locate headquarters or other operations within their jurisdictions.
商业环境… environment of a given community that is relevant to the operation of a business; usually includes tax rates, 政府对商业的态度, 和可用性.
创业侧重于鼓励在当地成立新公司、并将留在社区并发展壮大的经济发展战略.
企业孵化器… entity that nurtures and supports young companies until they become viable, 为他们提供负担得起的空间, 技术及管理支援, 股权和长期债务融资, 和就业. The three basic objectives in creating an incubator are (1) to spur technology-based development; (2) to diversify the local economy; and (3) to assist in community revitalization.
商业改善区… legally defined entities formed by property and business owners, where an assessment or a tax is levied for capital or operating improvements, 作为补充城市资金的一种手段. 地区由公法或条例设立,但由一个对地区成员或地方管理机构负责的实体管理. Some states author-ize non-governmental, non-profit corporations. 最近的商业改善区项目包括经济和社会发展, 运输, 停车管理系统, and conversion of redeveloped commercial build-ings for residential use.
招商引资… traditional approach to economic development to entice companies to relocate or to set up a new branch plant or operation in a state or locality; often referred to as “smokestack chasing.”
业务保留… systematic effort designed to keep local companies content at their present locations which includes helping companies cope with changing economic conditions and internal company problems.
生物多样性公约一个地区的中心商业区. 通常 this is an area with the highest concentration of 企业, 包括金融机构, 商店, 办公室, 影院, 和餐馆.
社区发展整体补助金… a system of unified block grants under which communities with more than 50,00人有资格获得资助,而其他社区可以申请自由支配的资助. 其目的是鼓励构思更广泛的社区发展项目,并扩大低收入和中等收入人士的住房机会. The three primary goals of CDBG are to serve low- and moderate-income people, 消除贫民窟和疫病, 并解决其他对社区健康和福利构成严重和直接威胁的社区发展需要. This program has provided significant support for economic development projects.
社区发展公司可以获得联邦和私人支持的组织,特别是501 (c) (3)s规定的非营利性组织. 它们由当地居民管理, 企业, 和社区领导人通过一个董事会,在大多数情况下由CDC成员或社区选举产生. 一些疾控中心只提供经济发展服务,但大多数只处理住房问题. 那些积极参与经济发展的机构提供技术援助和资金支持,并致力于为美国的贫困人民服务.
美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)银行… bank-sponsored community development corporations are a way for banks to contribute to economic revitalization by investing in local 企业 and real estate investment pro-jects that benefit low- and moderate-income groups. A community can establish a bank CDC by working with one or more local banks, 美国联邦储备理事会(美联储,fed), 监理署, 以及各自国家金融机构的监管机构. 在财团银行cdc的情况下, 几家银行联合在一起的地方, 投资者不一定非得是当地银行. 银行疾控中心可以购买、建造或修复房产.
CDC(认证开发公司)小企业管理局504贷款的发起和管理机构. 该计划提供长期的, 小企业以固定利率融资收购房地产, 机械, and 设备 for the 扩张 of business or modernization of 设施.
社区发展金融机构在传统金融机构没有充分服务的利基市场开展业务的专门金融机构. cdfi提供广泛的金融产品和服务, 包括抵押贷款融资, 商业贷款, 资助社区设施, 以及低收入家庭所需的金融服务. 一些cdfi也提供技术援助. To be certified as a CDFI by the CDFI Fund of the Department of the Treasury, 一个机构必须参与社区发展, 服务目标人群, 提供融资, 董事会中有社区代表吗, 并成为一个非政府组织.
能力建设... 发展以社区为基础的社区组织通过技术援助有效设计经济发展战略的能力, 网络, 会议, 和研讨会.
认证和优先贷款人计划…U.S. 小企业管理局的一个项目,鼓励高度活跃和专业的贷款人向借款人提供资金.
认证的开发公司…(见疾病预防控制中心)
收回条款许多地方政府签订合同,要求当地政府对企业作出承诺,并为此提供激励. 收回条款 describe the punitive steps taken against firms that break these contracts. 例如, 如果一家公司选择离开一个社区,它可能会被要求支付罚款或协助为其财产寻找新的承租人.
集群…collocation of firms in the same or similar industries to foster interaction as a means of strengthening each other and enhancing the community’s competitive advantage.
社区发展风险投资当地社区为使低收入地区的企业家能够获得风险资本而设立的基金提供的资金.
比较优势比较地区经济时使用的术语. 它是一个地区比另一个地区获得的经济优势,因为它可以更有效地生产某种产品. 一种产品生产效率越高,意味着生产另一种产品的机会成本就越高. 这一概念推动着经济体之间的贸易. 区域间和国际贸易利用了各经济体的比较优势. (见绝对优势)
整合计划合并计划……, 或《, 结合所有的计划, 应用程序, 社区发展整体资助(CDBG)以前分别规定的表现要求, 首页, 紧急住房补助金, 爱滋病患者的住房机会(HOPWA), 和程序, 等回家, that require a Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strat-egy (CHAS).
公司福利针对大公司的政府补贴.
成本效益分析…a method for evaluating the profitability of alternative uses of resources.
成本效益分析比较可选择的项目或计划,以确定实现预期目标的成本最低的方式. 通常, 制定了一些指标或积分体系来衡量提案在达到目标和目的方面的有效性.
定制培训…learning designed to meet the needs of a given employer; used by local gov-ernments to attract or retain major employers.
需求侧发展理论…explanation of economic development that focuses on discovering, 扩大, and creating new markets; forming new 企业; nurturing indigenous re-sources; and involving government in the economy.
生态工业园旨在鼓励企业以促进废物循环利用的方式进行互动的工业园区, 投入物的再循环, 和其他机制.
经济基础…a method of classifying all productive activity into two categories: basic industries which produce and sell goods that bring in new income from outside the area and service industries which produce and sell goods that simply circulate exiting income in the area.
经济基础分析…a comprehensive study of a locality’s economy, focusing on the importance of exports. 它应该包括一段经济史, 现有行业数据, 趋势, 以及对工资和就业增长的预测.
经济发展局由1965年《公共工程与经济法案》设立,是商务部的一部分. EDA的主要目标是缓解失业,促进经济多元化,并协助城市地区进行规划和紧急公共工程项目.
计量经济学建模…a qualitative method for analyzing the impact of a proposed action on the economy. A model permits testing the effects of an anticipated or hypothetical change.
规模经济随着产品产量的增加,平均生产成本下降的生产现象.
边缘城市…a newly emerged city that serves as a work and shopping center, 拥有大量的办公和零售空间.
土地征用权在为私人财产支付公平价格并重新安置租户后,“没收”私人财产的权力. The most frequent use of this authority is the act of “condemnation.”
授权区域/企业社区(EZ/EC)倡议…成立于1994年,由住房和城市发展部和农业部管理, 联邦EZ/EC工具不仅包括营业税优惠,还包括上班或上学的交通, 戒毒和戒酒康复, 以及其他本地优先事项. 该计划鼓励地方政府制定自己的扶贫方法. 所有联邦划定的地区都是普遍贫困、失业和普遍苦恼的地区. Each designated city receives a mix of grants and tax-exempt bonding, 而在EZ/EC的雇主可以获得新雇员的税收抵免和加速折旧抵免.
企业发展对企业家的帮助,以支持其企业的创建、增长和生存.
企业区国有企业区是指为吸引私人投资而指定的有资格享受特殊待遇和奖励的地理区域. 国家的指导方针定义了一个区域的大小,以及符合企业区资格的最低经济困难程度. 国家还可以限制企业园区的数量和类型. These restrictions are generally set out in the state enterprise zone program.
福利社会一个福利社区有资格获得CDBG的年度基金,可以用来振兴社区, 扩大经济适用房和经济机会, 和/或改善社区设施和服务, 主要是让低收入和中等收入的人受益. 有资格获得资助的地方政府有50个,000或以上居民, other local governments designated as central cities of metropolitan areas, 以及人口在200人以上的城市县,000(不包括有资格城市的人口). 州CDBG计划为该州提供资金, 然后分配给那些没有资格成为福利社区的地方.
创业培训…programs that provide guidance and instruction on business basics such as accounting and financing to ensure that new 企业 improve their chance of success. 最常见的培训方法包括课堂培训, 研讨会, 演讲者, 同伴小组和一对一的咨询, 讲座, 实习, 以及自学和自学.
股权融资…investments are typically secured in this type of financial support in return for partial ownership of an enterprise; three mechanisms can be used for receiving an equity position in a firm: common stock, 优先股, 和可转换债券.
第一波侧重于商业吸引策略的经济发展战略范式.
财政的影响地方政府因土地使用和其他类型的决策而产生的直接和间接成本和收入.
501(c)(3)美国国税局(Internal Revenue Service)批准一家非营利组织免征联邦所得税, 根据《万博注册地址官方网站》第501(c)(3)条. 对这类组织的捐赠可免税. 在第501(c)(3)条所述的组织通常被归入“慈善组织”的总目.”
501(c)(6)美国国内收入署给予商业联盟免征联邦所得税的批准, 根据《万博注册地址官方网站》第501(c)(6)条. 行业协会和专业协会被认为是商业联盟. The business league must be devoted to the improvement of business conditions of one or more lines of business as distinguished from the performance of particular services for individual persons. No part of its net earnings may inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual and it may not be organized for profit or organized to engage in an activity ordinarily carried on for profit.
缺口融资开发商为弥补缺口而要求的贷款.e. to make up a deficiency be-tween the amount of mortgage loan due upon project completion and the expenses incurred during 建设 (financing that covers the difference between what a project can support and the cost of development or purchase).
一般义务(G.O.)债券…traditional form of borrowing for state and local government; se-cured by full faith and credit of jurisdiction.
有限的税收G.O. 债券根据应税财产申请固定税率而获得的收入担保的免税债券. 并不是所有的州都允许有限制的税收.O.s, but in those that do, such bond issuance does not require voter approval.
无限的税收G.O. 债券为了偿还债券的本息,通过无利率或金额限制的征税而获得的免税债券. 它们通常用于资助公共工程基础设施和为消除疫病而征用土地.
影响费用…fees are required to cover costs of improving and/or building infrastructure needed as a result of the expected impact of development project on those 设施. Often required by localities for the approval of development projects.
激励…benefits offered to firms as part of an industrial attraction strategy. 一些激励措施是税收减免和信贷, 低息贷款, 改善基础设施, 职业培训, 和土地赠款.
Incubator-Without-Walls…form of business incubation that does not take place in a single building, 而是在整个社区或地区由企业家和企业家精神服务提供者组成的网络.
工业发展债券这些债券是用来为收购融资的, 建设, 扩张, 或根据州法律对生产设施进行改造和购买机械设备. IDB financing is subject to state and local laws and federal income tax laws and regu-lations if the interest on the bonds is expected to be exempt from federal income taxation.
工业收入债券为房地产改良或购买或建造建筑物提供低成本融资的债券, 设施, 或设备.
产业集群…geographic concentrations of related 企业 B complementary or competing. 区域确定集群作为未来规划和营销工作的目标业务. There are two types: (1) buyer-supplier clusters and (2) shared resources clusters.
基础设施银行…public-targeted贷款设施, 通过发行债券融资, 政府资金和外部捐助者的支持. They mobilize domestic funds, and create an at-tractive vehicle for donor funding.
投资者网络投资者网络将潜在投资者(要么是匿名的“角度”投资者,要么是认识的投资者)与需要资金的初创公司撮合在一起.
土地银行为城市保留工业用地的计划. 城市或地方发展当局获得并持有土地,直到开发商提出将其用作工业用地的建议.
工作-Housing失衡人们居住地点和工作地点之间的空间不匹配.
及时总结…cost-saving approach by a manufacturer that involves maintaining no inventory of product inputs on-site; instead the inputs are delivered from the supplier(s) at the time they are needed in the production process.
发展中的劳动力理论…explanation of development that stresses the importance of an educated, 熟练的, and dependable workforce for attracting and growing 企业; accepts the concept that the public sector has a responsibility to fit human resources to the needs of the business community.
土地减记以低于公共部门用于改善的费用的价格向开发商提供土地.
贷款池…two or more lenders contribute to a fund from which loans are made to applicants; publicly chartered, privately funded corporations can be established to pool resources.
发展区位论…explanation of economic development that emphasizes factors such as 运输, 获得原材料和劳动力, 税, 商业环境, 以及生活质量,因为它们与工业位置有关.
长波发展理论对经济发展的解释,认为创新的爆发导致了经济增长
夹层资本用于弥补业务从一个阶段到另一个阶段资源缺口的资金或商品. (另见缺口融资)
微型企业一个“比小还小”的企业.” Operated by a person on a full- or part-time basis, usually out of a home, e.g.木匠、日托和餐饮承办商.
小额贷款…非常小, 提供给没有信用记录和/或没有获得常规贷款所需抵押品的人的短期无担保贷款. These are available from either local lenders or the SBA’s 7(m) Microloan Program.
少数民族企业发展局(MBDA)作为与美国的代理.S. MBDA成立于1969年,系商务部. MBDA为拥有或希望创业的社会或经济上处于不利地位的个人提供援助. MBDA provides funding for Minority Business Development Centers, 美国原住民商业发展中心, 业务资源中心, 少数族裔商业机会委员会.
中等收入…a definition based on family income as a percentage of an area’s median income. 不同的程序可能设置不同的百分比. 根据HUD的指导方针, households whose incomes are between 81 percent and 95 percent of an area’s median income with adjustments for smaller or larger families are considered to be moderate income.
乘数…a quantitative estimate of a project’s impact (in dollars, jobs created, demand).
乘数效应由于新的或迁移的业务或项目而产生的美元和就业机会的过程, 或当地企业扩大生产(出口). 乘数效应解释了来自社区以外的地方支出产生的新的地方收入.
邻避(“不要在我的后院”)用于描述当地居民对发展项目的反对.
北美开发银行…founded under the auspices of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), NADB是一个“双边资助的”项目, 国际组织, in which Mexico and the United States participate as equal partners.” Its purpose is to finance environmental infrastructure projects. 所有资助的环境项目都必须得到边界环境合作委员会的核证, 与饮用水供应有关, 废水处理或城市固体废物管理,位于边境地区.
北美工业分类系统(NAICS)用于对工业设施进行分类的工业分类代码系统. 从1997年开始, NAICS取代了标准工业分类(SIC)作为美国企业分类系统, 加拿大, 和Mex-ico.
一站式商务服务中心“一站式”商务服务中心是企业人员获得创业许可证和许可证的场所, 操作, 扩大他们的设施. These centers improve the local business environment while reducing the number of separate agencies and 办公室 a business must apply to for various licenses and permits, 节省公共和私人的时间和财力.
机会成本…the revenue forgone by choosing one use of money and resources over another. 投资股票市场的机会成本是这些钱在银行里能赚到的利息.
整体经济发展计划(OEDP)城市制定的计划, 或EDD级别, 根据EDA的要求, 找出该地区的问题 & 为经济发展提供机会,确定目标 & 目标,并列出基础设施 & 实现这些目标所需的其他项目.
收入债券…bond backed by anticipated revenue stream from specific project.
循环贷款基金公共和私人部门的资金池,其中的资金可循环用于向企业连续提供贷款. 储备贷款机构发放的贷款将连同利息一并偿还,偿还的款项将用于补充贷款池,以便发放新的贷款. 因此,这些资金被循环利用,随着每一代借款人的加入,RLF也随之增长.
种子资金帮助一家公司起步的股本资金. 资金几乎总是由企业家及其家人、朋友和亲戚提供. 用于帮助吸引(杠杆)其他投资.
第二波经济发展的战略范式,侧重于保留社区中已有的公司并创建新的企业.
二次融资以房产作二次抵押的贷款, 有时用来指除了股权和第一抵押贷款以外的任何融资技术.
偏离-份额分析根据与国家或地区趋势相关的增长和下降来检查当地基础产业的方法.
站点位置援助地方政府提供新的, 扩大, 以及搬迁企业,协助确定适合其设施需要的地点. 这些服务包括提供网站信息和组织参观项目.
小型企业管理局…成立于1953年, 小企业管理局的使命是“援助”, 法律顾问, 协助和保护, 在可能的范围内, 小企业的利益受到关注.它的章程还要求小企业管理局确保小企业在政府合同和出售剩余财产中获得“公平比例”. 自成立以来, 小企业管理局已经发放了1300多万笔贷款, 贷款担保, 合同号, 以及其他形式的对小企业的援助.
小企业发展中心(SBDC)提供业务发展的设施, 信息, and assistance in one location; administered by the U.S. 中小企业管理局.
小型企业投资公司(SBIC)…privately owned and managed for-profit investment firms that use their own capital, 加上在小企业管理局担保下以优惠利率借入的资金, 对小企业进行风险投资.
精明增长有效利用所有可用资产. 根据美国规划协会, smart growth involves efficient land use; full use of urban services; mixed use; mass 运输 options; and detailed, 人类大小的设计.
烟囱追逐地方经济发展组织对传统制造业的追求.
社会资本在经济发展……, linkages between and among business development ser-vice providers and the companies they assist; these linkages are both internal, 在给定的服务提供者组织中, 和外部, 组织(及其客户)和外部服务提供者和企业之间的关系.
特殊评估区由税务机关指定的用于征税目的的地区,其征税规模与征税管辖的其他地区不同. Property in these districts may be taxed differently all together. 他们可能被要求缴纳特别税,以反映该地区某些公共支出所获得的更大利益.
特殊评估基金…受惠于某一特定类别物业的项目成本,可由个别人士分摊,并计入特别评估基金.
特别改善区域…mechanisms where local 企业 and/or residents agree to voluntarily pay an additional tax to support improvements or services so local governments can finance and implement improvements within a specific and limited area. (类似于商业改善区)
启动处于企业发展第一阶段的公司.
启动资金帮助新兴企业获得空间的资金, 设备, 供应, 以及开展业务所需的其他投入.
供给侧发展理论…explanation of economic development that focuses on reducing costs of production to lure capital to a new location; typical strategies include tax abatements, 减少, and exemptions; guaranteed and direct loans; and reduced regulation.
可持续发展不会破坏或最终耗尽一个地区自然资源的发展. 可持续发展有助于实现更好的, healthier living environment and contributes to an area’s quality of life, 经济发展的主要目标之一.
SWOT分析在经济发展规划过程中用来评估社区优缺点的工具, 来自社区内部可以改变的因素, 以及它的机遇和威胁, 无法改变的外部因素.
减税…exemption or reduction of local 税 of a project for a specific period of time. Contracts between a government entity and a holder of real estate that stipulate that some share of assessed value will not be taxed for an agreed time period; a typical goal of tax abatement is to encour-age economic development.
税收抵免…money directly subtracted from a tax bill after a tax liability has been incurred.
延期缴税允许个人根据旧价值纳税的政策,这些个人的财产价值大幅上涨,而这并非他们自己的过错.
税 –免税债券…obligation that does not require recipients of interest payments to pay 税 on the interest revenue; although revenue bonds may be a form of tax-exempt bonds, 并不是所有的税收债券都有免税资格.g., 体育馆项目, 停车设施, and non-government of-fice buildings lost their tax-exempt status in 1986).
免税…policy that reduces the base form which property is assessed; accomplished by sub-tracting a given amount of money from the assessed market rate. 税 exemptions are often granted to individuals, institutions, or types of property.
税收优惠各种税收减免措施的使用,如免税, 税收抵免或税收减免,以招募和吸引企业到一个社区或帮助当地企业扩大.
增税融资(TIF)经济发展的一种工具,可以追溯到某一特定发展的税收被用来偿还为资助该发展而发行的债券. 当债券全部支付时, 该辖区可以开始收到开发产生的额外税收收入.
税收稳定协议…agreement to not raise 税 significantly; used to assure potential in-vestors of a stable tax environment.
技术援助…包括准备拨款申请的援助, 培训员工, 申请贷款,推销产品. 它也可能包括帮助一个小企业改进其产品或制造过程. 技术援助一般是为了提供小型企业通常负担不起的具体服务, 或者总体商业规划.
第三次浪潮旨在创造有利于增长和发展的地方或区域环境的经济发展战略范式.
就业不足包括所有拥有技能的人, 教育或培训使他们有资格获得比他们目前拥有的更高技能或更高薪水的工作. 它也包括那些只能在自己的领域找到兼职工作而不是全职工作的人.
伞债券对规模太小、无法申请正常收益债券计划的项目提供低利率的低成本融资. 债券收益被用作购置土地、建筑、机械和设备的贷款. “保护伞”是指由国家或地方经济发展机构发行的100万美元或以下的小债券组合成更大的债券.
失业按照美国的定义.S. 劳工部, 这一术语包括所有没有就业的平民, but were available and actively seeking work within the past four weeks, were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or were waiting to report to a new job scheduled to begin within 30 days.
增值…Revenue created by the processing of resources; the amount of revenue is greater be-cause those resources have been processed.
风险资本有可能获得可观回报的投资, 高达40%, 在短时间内. 它通常投资于有活力的、成长的和发展中的企业,而不是初创企业.
劳动力投资法案1998年的劳动力投资法是联邦政府的一项努力,旨在使劳动力培训体系适应当前的经济状况. The economic development impact of WIA includes: (1) decentralizing decision-making to the local level; (2) allows local 企业 to determine skill needs; (3) adapt training to local growth patterns; (4) promotes inclusion of economic development principles in plans; and (5) state required to submit economic development plans with WIA implementation plan.